Long-duration energy storage is still in its early stages of development and there is no universally agreed-upon definition for the duration of long-duration energy storage, both domestically and internationally. The definition of long-term energy storage varies across regions due to differences in power demand, renewable energy distribution, energy storage scale layout, and energy storage policy support. In China, for instance, long-term energy storage is generally defined as energy storage technology lasting more than 4 hours, in order to differentiate it from the large-scale construction of 2-hour energy storage systems.

The global market for long-duration energy storage has experienced significant growth in recent years, with the value of projects currently in operation or under construction exceeding $30 billion. If all ongoing projects are completed and put into operation in the next few years, the total installed capacity of long-term energy storage is expected to increase by 57 million kilowatts. This would be equivalent to approximately three times the total installed capacity of long-term energy storage worldwide in 2022. These developments are of great significance for the mid- to late-stage construction of a zero-carbon power system and in achieving the goal of reducing carbon emissions.

Karena proporsi kapasitas terpasang pembangkit listrik termal secara bertahap menurun untuk memenuhi tujuan "karbon ganda", maka terdapat kebutuhan akan sumber daya pembangkit listrik beban dasar yang stabil. “Penyimpanan energi jangka panjang + proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga angin dan surya skala besar” muncul sebagai alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk bahan bakar fosil dan kemungkinan besar akan menjadi sumber daya listrik beban dasar generasi masa depan. Transisi ini sangat penting untuk pembangunan sistem tenaga listrik nol karbon dalam jangka panjang.

Selain menyediakan pembangkit listrik yang stabil, penyimpanan energi jangka panjang juga memainkan peran penting dalam mengelola fluktuasi pembangkit listrik dari sumber energi terbarukan. Seiring dengan meningkatnya proporsi energi angin dan matahari, terputus-putusnya pembangkit listrik menimbulkan tantangan bagi stabilitas jaringan listrik. Membangun lebih banyak jaringan transmisi saja tidak cukup untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Penyimpanan energi jangka panjang, dengan kapasitasnya untuk mengatur fluktuasi pembangkit listrik energi baru dalam jangka waktu yang lama, dapat membantu menghindari kemacetan jaringan listrik selama periode surplus energi bersih dan meningkatkan konsumsi energi bersih selama periode beban puncak.

Another significant application of long-term energy storage is ensuring power supply during extreme weather events and reducing electricity costs for society as a whole. As we work towards achieving the "double carbon" goal, large-scale and high-security power systems are required for different durations. Energy storage technology, especially long-term energy storage, is poised to become one of the core technologies in ensuring energy security. Research and development efforts are crucial during the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plan periods to develop advanced technologies for adjusting the medium and long-term power structure and to expand the overseas long-term energy storage market.

Looking towards the future, as new energy power generation approaches or even surpasses 50% of total power generation, the need for energy storage technology with a duration of 10 hours or more will become increasingly crucial. The random and volatile nature of renewable energy sources makes it insufficient to support the safe and stable operation of power systems. Long-term energy storage will therefore play a vital role in ensuring peak supply, coping with extreme weather events, and mitigating the seasonal imbalances of new energy sources. For example, in southeastern coastal areas where wind power has a high share, the occurrence of typhoons or other extreme weather events may lead to shutdowns of wind turbines and power shortages lasting 3-5 days. In such cases, energy storage with a duration of approximately 100 hours is required to meet the adjustment needs and ensure uninterrupted Energy storage power supply.

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